Which of these is not a hallmark of cancer?

In the context of cancer biology, the hallmark characteristics of cancer include various traits that allow cancer cells to thrive and proliferate uncontrollably. One of these characteristics is the evasion of programmed cell death, or apoptosis, which is a process that normally eliminates damaged or unneeded cells. Cancer cells typically demonstrate a resistance to apoptosis, enabling them to survive longer than they should and contribute to tumor growth.

Increased apoptosis, on the other hand, is not associated with cancer progression. In fact, cancer cells often develop mechanisms to overcome apoptosis, such as alterations in pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic factors. This allows them to avoid the normal cell death processes that would typically regulate cell growth and maintain tissue homeostasis.

The other hallmarks mentioned—reprogramming of energy metabolism, evading growth suppressors, and inducing angiogenesis—are well-established features of cancer. Reprogramming energy metabolism allows cancer cells to utilize energy sources more efficiently for growth. Evading growth suppressors enables them to ignore signals that would normally inhibit their proliferation. Inducing angiogenesis is crucial for tumors to secure a blood supply, ensuring their growth and survival.

Thus, the correct answer identifies that increased apoptosis is not a hallmark of cancer, as cancer cells,